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Antiknock-Index versus RON / MON:
In the USA octane ratings are specified by the Antiknock-Index. In Europe ratings are mostly specified by RON and MON. The Antiknock-Index is the average between MON and RON. The automotive gasoline RON value is appx 10 octane higher than MON.
Autofuel-Norms:
Automotive gasoline fuel specs in USA follow norm ASTM D4818. In Europe norm EN228 is valid. Both norms are similar (a car manufactured in USA burns also European fuel and vice versa…).
Dresden University in Germany has tested EN228 autofuel use in aircraft engines and has confirmed this several years ago.
STC-certification for engines and airframes allows the use of Avgas and leaded or unleaded autofuel without alcohol (either 93 or 95 RON, depending on the engine type) or a mixture of both. German EMZ as well as EASA-approvals allows only the use of Avgas, unleaded autofuel 98 RON or a mixture of both. Contrary to the US approvals, European approvals allow a max. content of 1% alcohol. This also has been tested by German Technical University of Dresden under the lead of Stefan Ebert.
Please note, that the new existing E85 gasoline (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) which is available in several European countries is not approved.
Airplanes are generally not used as frequently as automobiles, and avgas frequently is stored for long periods of time before it is consumed. Therefore avgas has ingredients designed to keep it fresh longer. Avgas should last about one year in storage, auto fuel about six months. Because a car has to refuel more frequently, long term fuel stockage was not a consideration when designing automotive gasoline. To prevent formation of “gum” in the fuel during longer storage, anti-aging and corrosion stabilizers will be added to quality automotive fuel. Autofuel has been designed for good ignition capability and low emissions (for example winter quality blended fuel with higher vapour pressure than summer quality for a better ignition during cold temperatures). Major differences between avgas and autofuel are:
Autofuel has a lower octane rating than avgas, therefore is usable only for specified and certified "80/87"- and "91/96"-octane rated engines (this designation can be mostly seen on the engine data plate). Which grade of autofuel has to be used depends mostly on the compression ratio of the engine (a higher compression ratio needs a higher octane). Most turbocharged engines are “100/100LL”-engines. This means that they need a minimum octane rating of 100; therefore very few of them are qualified for autofuel use.
The vapour pressure (=> vapour lock) of summer blend autofuel is slightly higher than avgas (winter blend autofuel is significant higher). Whenever possible, summer blend should be used. Using winter blend autofuel in winter does not create a problem, but it should be avoided on hot days during spring and summer
Autofuel approvals which were approved before the existence of EASA by a national EU aviation authority are automatically “grandfathered” in. This means they are valid in every other EASA member state.. For example : EMZ approvals (issued by the German aviation authority LBA) which were based on FAA-issued Petersen autofuel STC’s are automatically valid in every other EASA member state. Approvals issued directly by EASA are valid directly without further perusal by EU member states.
The Swiss federal aviation authority FOCA approved autofuel STC’s in 1994. Now after more than 10 years, an equal basis for certification has been found and will be slowly implemented within the EU-region.
After taking leaded autofuel from the market at the end of 1999, and the slowly arriving deadline for Avgas (earlier planned for 2004/2005) due to the US Clean Air Act, new solutions and alternatives have to be found. In spring 2003, a first meeting focusing on alternative fuels and new powerplant systems was held in Bonn / Germany.
It is obvious, that Avgas will remain on the market for another several years. A first step away from Avgas towards autofuel is the new V-Power 100 from Shell, which is well qualified for aviation use.
SWITZERLAND
Airframe and engine must be certified acc. FAA AC23.1521 (either by TC / Type Certificate, STC / Supplemental Type Certificate or Major Alteration). This regulation is valid also for homebuilts & historic aircraft. Procedure follows JAR 21. Autofuel 95 RON, resp. 98 RON or higher rated, acc. EN228 norm, without alcohol, summer quality, must be used. From mid 2006, either a German EMZ or an EASA-approval is necessary.
GERMANY
Airframes and engines are approved, which have been certified by STC and for which either a German EMZ or an EASA-approval has been issued. The actual list of EMZ/EASA approved airframes or engines can be seen on the website of our partner DAeC under Additionally, LBA accepts -with limitations- AAN issued by the British CAA (see also under Great Britain). Technical commission TEKO of DAeC, under the lead of Mr. H.U. Hellrigel played an important role in financing the work done in Germany. Autofuel 98 ROZ or higher rated, acc. EN228 norm, with max. 1% alcohol must be used.
AUSTRIA
AustroControl issued Austrian approval for several airframes and engines with fuel and temperature limitations. Because of the Austrian membership at EASA, the German EMZ as well as the EASA-approval is also valid in Austria. Therefore the national AustroControl-approval is no longer necessary. With help of flying club FSV2000 in Stockerau validation of US-STC’s has been made possible.
GREAT BRITAIN
CAA allows the use of automotive gasoline in several airframes and engines under airworthiness approval notes No. 27742, 27743 and 27744. The approval is limited to max. 6000 ft and max. fuel and outside air temperature of 20°C. For those, who use autofuel by the German EMZ or EASA-approval, limitations do not apply.
Unleaded “Premium” autofuel with min. 96 RON, acc. EN228 must be used.
FRANCE
Regulation acc. „fascicule 3.1/6 / Tome III A“ of Bureau Veritas. Actual situation is unknown. Due to EASA membership, probably the same certification rules will apply.
SPAIN
Approved all airframes and engines which have been certified by STC and for which either a German EMZ or an EASA-approval has been issued.
DENMARK
Application for use of automotive gasoline can be done under CAA Denmark Regulation BL 1-12. Approved all airframes and engines which have been certified by STC and for which either a German EMZ or an EASA-approval has been issued.
ITALY
Approved all airframes and engines, which have been certified by STC and for which either a German EMZ or an EASA-approval has been issued.
GREECE
General approval for airframes and engines, which have been certified by STC and for which either a German EMZ or an EASA-approval has been issued. The approval is valid only for autofuel acc. EN228, which is stored in underground fuel tanks to keep the fuel cold and well stored.
NORWAY
Approved all airframes and engines, which either have been certified by STC and/or by a German EMZ or an EASA-approval.
NETHERLANDS
Netherlands RLD approves airframes and engines, which have been certified by STC and for which either a German EMZ or an EASA-approval has been issued.
FINLAND
Approved all airframes and engines, which either have been certified by STC and/or by a German EMZ or an EASA-approval. FMS must be issued in Finnish.
HUNGARY
Approved all airframes and engines, which either have been certified by STC and/or by a German EMZ or an EASA-approval.
SLOVENIA
Approved all airframes and engines, which either have been certified by STC and/or by a German EMZ or an EASA-approval.
LITHUANIA
Approved all airframes and engines, which either have been certified by STC and/or by a German EMZ or an EASA-approval.
Ethanol-Situation (update July 2009)
In several European countries „Bio-Ethanol“ is added progressively to some automotive fuel sorts due to governmental regulations. Origin and manufacturing of „Bio-Ethanol“, as well as sense and nonsense incorporated are a separate theme. Therefore it will not be discussed here.
Approved under the European STC-validations is actually the rate of max. 1% ethanol. Actually German technical University Aachen is verifying in a study of German Ministry BMV, if there is a possibility, to increase this rate. Results are not yet known by us at this time.
Because almost every country has its own regulation of adding ethanol and has its own marking of fuel sorts, it has become almost impossible for us to know every local sort of fuel.
We recommend therefore, using only automotive fuel with max. 1% ethanol and verifying first the local availability before ordering an STC. Fuel with max. 15% ETBE/MTBE is approved with the STC, as well as mixing automotive fuel with avgas, as it ever was.
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